Paper is one of the simplest and most essential pieces of human technology. For the past two millennia, the ability to produce it in ever more efficient ways has supported the proliferation of literacy, media, religion, education, commerce, and art it has formed the foundation of civilizations, promoting revolutions and restoring stability. One has only to look at historys greatest press run, which produced 6.5 billion copies of Mo zhux yulu, Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung Zedongwhich doesnt include editions in 37 foreign languages and in brailleto appreciate the range and influence of a single publication, in paper. Or take the fact that one of historys most revered artists, Leonardo da Vinci, left behind only 15 paintings but 4,000 works on paper. And though the colonies were at the time calling for a boycott of all British goods, the one exception they made speaks to the essentiality of the material they penned the Declaration of Independence on British paper. Now, amid discussion of going paperlessand as speculation about the effects of a digitally dependent society grows rampantweve come to a world-historic juncture. Thousands of years ago, Socrates and Plato warned that written language would be the end of true knowledge, replacing the need to exercise memory and think through complex questions. Similar arguments were made about the switch from handwritten to printed books, and today about the role of computer technology. By tracing papers evolution from antiquity to the present, with an emphasis on the contributions made in Asia and the Middle East, Mark Kurlansky challenges common assumptions about technologys influence, affirming that paper is here to stay. Paper will be the commodity history that guides us forward in the twenty-first century and illuminates our times.
